{"id":40305,"date":"2025-04-09T00:46:42","date_gmt":"2025-04-09T00:46:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/metachannelcorp.com\/en\/perspectives\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%88%d9%83-%d8%aa%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%84%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a\/"},"modified":"2025-04-09T00:46:42","modified_gmt":"2025-04-09T00:46:42","slug":"blockchain-and-intellectual-property-the-marseille-ruling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/metachannelcorp.com\/ar\/perspectives\/blockchain-and-intellectual-property-the-marseille-ruling\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 Antonio Tejeda Encinas<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 Comite Euro Americano Digital Law<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u2014\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u2014 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

2. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a (timestamping). \u0648\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n

2.1. \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 (hash) \u2014\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u2014 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647: \u0641\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

2.2. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061f<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 eIDAS (\u0645\u062b\u0644 Logalty \u0648eGarante \u0648Signaturit \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 RFC 3161 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627:<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n

2.3. \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 eIDAS 2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 (EU) 2022\/0240\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 eIDAS 2\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (electronic ledger\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (ledger) \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627.\u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 45g \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 eIDAS 2:<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0629 (\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c iuris tantum) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n

3. \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 (Tribunal Judiciaire de Marseille)\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u2014\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627\u2014 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n

3.1. \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642: \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064f\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f: \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

3.2. \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

3.3. \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

3.4. \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0633\u0647: \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

4. \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 9.3 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1.1 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u2014\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u2014 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 (ex ante)\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 24 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 6 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n

5. \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u2014\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u2014 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642.<\/p>\n

5.1. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a: \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n

5.2. \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642\u0629: \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 eIDAS 2 \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 (eIDAS) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (meta-registers) \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

5.3. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

5.4. \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

6. \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 (Tribunal Judiciaire de Marseille) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2025 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

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